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Background and objective: The analysis of organizational pathology in University of Isfahan medical sciences based on six box model and its relationship with organizational health is the good of the study. The research questions were examined while considering organizational pathology university of Isfahan medical sciences based on six box model and relationship with organizational health and considering the demographic variables. Material and Methods: Research method was descriptive - correlation type. Statistical population consisted of 643 faculty members of university of Isfahan medical sciences on in 2010-2011 academic years. 91 persons were selected by stratified random sampling method. Research instrument were organizational pathology questionnaires with 77 items and organizational health questionnaires with 26 items. Reliability of the questionnaires was estimated by Cronbach's alpha. (0.94 and 0.96).The Data was analysis through inferential statistics (correlation test, regression and variance analysis). Results and Conclusion: Research findings revealed there is negative relationship between dimension of organizational pathology and organizational health. There is a positive and significant difference between views of faculty members about organizational diagnosis on based on gender and ranking but there wasn’t significant difference between academic field and employment status. There is a positive and significant difference between views of faculty members about organizational health on basis ranking but there wasn’t significant difference between gender, academic field and employment status.

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Abstract Background and Objectives: The main purpose of this research was the analysis of self leadership strategies and its relationship with psychological empowerment faculty members at University of Isfahan Medical Science.. Material and methods: Research type was applied and descriptive correlative. Statistical population of research included all faculty members at University of Isfahan Medical Science in 2010-2011 academic year who were 643. Statistical sample was 106 who were selected by random stratified sampling method. Results: To gather data, two questionnaires were used: Self- leadership questionnaire with 31 items and researcher made questionnaire of psychological empowerment with 20items. The reliability coefficients of questionnaires were obtained through Cronbach alpha as 0.81 and 0.87. Collected data was analyzed at level of inferential statistics (correlation coefficient, multivariate variance and regression). Conclusion: Result of study showed that there is a significant and positive relation between the Self- leadership behavioral- focused strategies, natural reward strategies, constructive thought strategies and psychological empowerment and among self- leadership strategies, behavioural- focused strategies have significant proportion in anticipating psychological empowerment.

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Background and Objective: The purpose of this research was an analysis of the relationship between negotiation styles and managers' conflict management strategies at Kashan University of Medical Sciences. The research questions were set forth on the basis of such styles (factual, analytic, normative and intuitive) and conflict management strategies (problem solving, control and avoidance of confrontation). Materials and Methods: The research method was descriptive – correlative. Statistical population included 95 managers of Kashan state and Azad University. 84 managers were selected as the statistical sample utilizing classified random sampling. Data was collected by 2 close ended negotiation skills and conflict management questionnaires on the basis of Likert 5 grade scale. Reliability of the questionnaires was estimated to be 0.90 and 0.88. Results: The results indicated that the most common negotiation style used by managers was the factual style, and the least was analytical negotiation style.

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Background and Objective: The purpose of this research was analysis and evalution of obstacles to effectiveness of Islamic lessons in Kashan Universities Medical sciences. Materials and Methods: Statistical population of this research included all students in Kashan Universities Medical sciences (N=2457)out of which a sample of 106 students participated in the study. Data was collected using a questionnaire developed by the researchers with a Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.83. Results: Results indicated that although general attitude toward Islamic courses is relatively desirable, there are a series of internal and external factors which decreases efficiency and effectiveness of these lessons. Conclusion: Internal and external factors are the cause of decreased effectiveness of such lessons.

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  Background and Objective : Experiences that the learners gain in the education system is not limited to the explicit curriculum other factors in the form of a hidden curriculum have a significant role in shaping students' learning. The purpose of this research was to study the hidden curriculum components in Kashan University of Medical Sciences based students' views.

  Materials and Methods : This was a descriptive- survey study. The statistical population included all students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences in 2012- 2013 of which 111 students were selected by random stratified sampling method. To collect research data, we used the hidden curriculum questionnaire with 36 items, whose reliability coefficient was computed through Cronbach alpha (0.86). The questionnaire's content validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. Data analysis was carried out by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS statistical software.

  Results : Findings showed that hidden curriculum mean (3.26) was higher than average (3). Also, there was not a significant difference between the students' views about the hidden curriculum.

  Conclusion : Change and improvement of the hidden curriculum elements is necessary.

 

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Background and Objective: One of the main factors for the maintenance of each organization which leads to increasing its productivity is having organizational cultural consistency. Thus the purpose of this research was to study organizational culture of medical centers.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-survey study, research population was all faculty members in Arak University of Medical Sciences that 176 people were selected using Cochran Formulate and stratified random sampling. Data was collected using organizational culture questionnaire with 42 items in four components (intellectual, development, consensus and hierarchical) in terms of Likert scale. Content and constructive validity of the questionnaire were confirmed and its reliability coefficient was calculated (0.84) using Cronbach Alpha. Data analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS18 and Amos Graphic statistical software.

Results: Findings showed that mean score of organizational culture in Arak University of Medical Sciences in intellectual component (3.4±0.57), development (3.33±0.56) and consensus (3.27±0.62) were higher than the average and hierarchical mean score (2.69±0.63) was lower than the average. Also there is no significant difference between faculty members' point of view on organizational culture in terms of gender, field of study, scientific rank, employment status and years of service.

Conclusion: Faculty members believed that organizational culture was higher than intellectual, culture of development and consensus which in turn have more emphasis on innovation and development, risk-taking, efficiency and effectiveness and less emphasis on formalization, centralization, and rule and stability. 

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Background and Objective: Bioethics is a multidisciplinary subject which has been of major significance to biotechnology researchers and related fields. The aim of this survey was to assess knowledge and attitudes of postgraduate students of Medical Faculty regarding bioethical issues.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among the postgraduate basic medical sciences students of Faculty of Medicine in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. A self-administered questionnaire consisted of 42 questions was designed to assess knowledge and attitudes of postgraduate students on bioethical issues.

Results: A total of 107 postgraduate students (out of 114), including 73 Master (MSc) and 34 Doctoral (PhD) students filled out the survey (93.8%). Only 17.6% of PhD students had a good knowledge of bioethics whereas none of the MSc students fell within this category. On average almost 68.5%of the respondents were familiar with the term "Bioethics". About 95.7% of MSc students reported that no academic courses were offered in bioethics whereas 54.5% of PhD students were able to take academic courses in the field. The results also showed that about 85 % of the respondents generally believed that it was necessary to increase their knowledge of bioethics.

Conclusion: Although the postgraduate students were familiar with the term “Bioethics”, their awareness about bioethical issues was not very desirable. Results showed that the students had a high level of motivation for increasing their general knowledge in the field, so the necessity of designing appropriate courses on bioethics in university curricula should be reinforced.

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Background and Objective: Learning styles are effective factors in the learning. Learning is a relatively permanent change in the behavior or attitude of a person over time. Whereas improvement of existing conditions is pivotal in educational  activities; therefore, the aim of this study was the assessment of stages and learning styles based on the Kolb theory among students of  Qom University of Medical Sciences.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 279 students of the QomUniversity of Medical Sciences, Iran in October 2015. The participants were selected using a stratified sampling method. The assessment instrument was the Kolb learning style inventory (KLSI V.3.1). Data analysis was performed by SPSS using descriptive statistics and Chi square test.

Results: The mean age of students was 22.23±4.38 years, and the average grade was 16.85±1.65. Generally, the learning styles of students were convergent (% 38.9), assimilative (% 37.5), divergent (%13.2) and accommodative (%10.4). There was a significant relationship between learning styles with gender (P=0.01).

Conclusion: Considering the predominance of convergent and assimilative learning styles in these students, it is recommended that faculty members use visual methods such as diagrams, self learning, individualized instruction and emphasize on practical methods in teaching.

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Background and objectives: Spiritual intelligence and psychological capital are an approach that help ones to adapt with environment, health, performance and creativity. Therefore, the purpose of this research was analysis of relationship between spiritual intelligence and psychological capital academic performance among students in Kashan University of Medical Sciences.
Martials and methods: The type of research was correlative descriptive. The statistical population consisted of students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences that 294 students were selected by stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was a spiritual intelligence questionnaire in 40 items and a psychological capital inventory questionnaire in 24 items with five degrees Likert scale. The validity of the contents of tools was verified. Reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient for spiritual intelligence 0.82 and psychological capital of 0.91. Data analysis was done at descriptive and inferential level using SPSS software version 22.
Results: The findings showed that means of spiritual intelligence components (3.20±0.50) and psychological capital (3.51±0.41) were higher than average (3). Also there are significant and positive relation between spiritual intelligence with academic performance (r=0.25) and psychological capital with academic performance (r=0.19).
Conclusion: According to the findings, spiritual intelligence and higher psychological capital were associated with better academic performance. By improving the dimensions of spiritual intelligence and psychological capital, it is possible to improve the academic performance of students.

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Background and Objective: One of the duties of education planners is following up dynamic programs with the goal of sustainable improvement and creation of optimal learning opportunity for learners. On the other hand, one of the most important challenges of clinical training is the tendency of teachers toward the use of traditional and difficult education and evaluation students to monitor their activities during the internship. This study aimed to combine two performance-based evaluation methods of logbook and DOPS (direct observing of the skill to perform clinical procedures) during the presentation and evaluation processes of field internship of BSc students of anesthesiology. 
Materials and Methods: This study was initiated since summer of 2011 in the country for the first time using just the posttest process for assessment. The stages of needs assessment, design, implementation and evaluation of internship were carried out using the combined method with the cooperation of 17 BSc students of anesthesiology in the paramedical school of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive statistics.
Results: In this research, the level of impact of the combined method in various areas of learning, interaction with different treatment groups and total evaluation of education was reported to be 70.6, 76.5 and 100% (moderate to high), respectively. In addition, good and very good realization levels were recognized for general objectives of the course in all cases.
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, application of the combined method led to the successful guiding of activities of students and their interaction with other groups during the course. In other words, use of this technique can be beneficial for improving team performance in education, increasing the acquisition of clinical skills and deeper understanding of concepts.

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Background & Objective: The present study aimed to identify the barriers in the current system of organizational performance measurement and determine the educational challenges within the framework of Stufflebeam and Coryn (2014) meta-evaluation model in 14 educational offices in Zanjan province, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This exploratory study was performed using a qualitative approach and conventional content analysis. Interviews were based on the Stufflebeam and Coryn (2014) meta-evaluation model. In total, 154 codes were verified by 10 participators.
Results: Among 154 acquired codes, the most important themes were deduced through the assessment of organizational performance measurement in the educational system. These themes included the ‘mutual incompetency between the individual and organization’, ‘individual factors affecting the assessment’, ‘organizational factors affecting the assessment’, ‘imaginary-cognitive factors’, and ‘results and consequences of establishing a system for organizational performance evaluation’. In addition, four themes emerged regarding the problems associated with the measurement of organizational performance, including the ‘individual and structural problems of the organization’, ‘problems associated with the organizational culture and climate’, ‘ conceptual (perceptional) challenges’, and ‘functional problems’. Some research suggestions have also been provided.
Conclusion: According to the results, the efficiency of the organizational performance measurement system reduces due to barriers such as the low professional competency of the staff, poor technical skills in quantitative analysis, and inattention to the methodology of organizational performance evaluation within the context of organizing and coordinating the weaknesses of an organization without using the necessary tools to address the lack of priority in performance evaluation and poor organizational accountability.
 

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Background & Objectives: Given the fact that students’ perception of curriculum components and their academic enthusiasm are among the most important factors affecting academic achievement of students in the higher education system, this research aimed to evaluate the relationship between students' perceptions of curriculum components and their academic enthusiasm.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive correlational research was conducted on all students studying in schools of nursing, midwifery, and health of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran in 2016. The sample size was estimated at 230 using the table by Krejcie & Morgan. In addition, subjects were selected via random sampling, and data were collected applying the questionnaire of students’ perception of curriculum components and academic enthusiasm scale. Moreover, data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20 using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, multiple regression, and independent t-test.
Results: In this research, a positive and significant association was found between all curriculum components and academic enthusiasm. In other words, academic enthusiasm could be predicted based on curriculum components (f=29.81, P=0.0001). However, no significant relationship was observed between students of different fields in terms of academic enthusiasm. On the other hand, there was a significant difference between male and female students in this regard (t=2.33, P=0.021).
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, a positive and significant relationship was observed between all curriculum components and academic enthusiasm of the subjects. Therefore, it is recommended that applying interesting educational methods, training various evaluation techniques, and designing efficient and up-to-date contents be considered in this respect.

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Background & Objective: Interprofessional education (IPE) is one of the new approaches in the education of students in health-related disciplines. This type of training can increase interprofessional collaborations, thereby improving patient care quality. This study aimed to compare the perception of IPE in students apprenticeship and apprenticeship on site in schools of nursing and midwifery of Islamic Azad University in Isfahan, Iran in 2018.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational research was performed on 284 fifth and sixth-semester (before apprenticeship on site) and eighth-semester (during the apprenticeship on site) nursing and midwifery students, selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using the readiness for interprofessional learning scale (IRPLS). Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 22.
Results: In this study, 255 students were female (89.8%) and the rest were male (10.2%). The mean score of students’ perception of IPE apprenticeship was 76.62 (6.83) and apprenticeship on site was 80.21 (5.49), respectively. According to the results, no significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of the mean score of perception of IPE in all subscales of the questionnaire (P<0.001). Before apprenticeship on site, the students had a favorable perception in the areas of teamwork and collaboration (100%), interprofessional education readiness (99.3%), professional identity (95.1%), and roles and responsibilities (66.9%). However, while the perception of students during the apprenticeship on site was favorable in the areas of IPE readiness and teamwork and collaboration (100%), professional identity (97.9%), and roles and responsibilities (94.4%), their mean score was significantly higher in the subscale of roles and responsibilities, compared to the other participants.
Conclusion: According to the results of the present research, the students had favorable IPE readiness. However, they were more prepared in the subscale of teamwork and collaboration, compared to the areas of professional identity and roles and responsibilities.

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Background and Aim: Clinical education is a very important and effective part in speech therapy training, without that, it will be very difficult and impossible to train capable and qualified people. It is necessary to investigate the facilitators and deterrents to the quality and quantity of clinical education in the field of speech therapy to study educational problems and provide educational programs in the future.
Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. 62 undergraduate students and 41 speech therapy instructors (41 people) were included in the study. They completed the consent form and a 62-item questionnaire of facilitators and inhibitors for clinical education. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22.
Findings: 62 students with a mean age of 22.53 ± 1.9 and 41 instructors with a mean age of 36.29 ± 9.9 were studied. According to both groups, the most important facilitating factors were the area of ​​"facilitating characteristics of coaches and instructors" and the most important deterrents were the area of ​​"student dissatisfaction with the way practical and theoretical courses are presented". Based on the results of the independent t-test, in some facilitating and inhibiting factors, there was a significant difference between the opinions of the instructor and the student (p≤0.001).
Conclusion: The most important area of facilitating clinical education is the use of experienced and responsible instructors who have passed appropriate in-service courses in clinical education. The quality of education is necessary to make decisions. It is also necessary to equip the physical spaces of clinics and their facilities and to establish a suitable time interval for presenting practical and theoretical courses.

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Background & Objective: Faculty members, given their unique position within the university, can significantly contribute to enhancing social responsibility. This study aims to elucidate the experiences of faculty members engaged in voluntary social activities
Material & Methods: This qualitative research employed a conventional content analysis approach. The study involved 15 faculty members from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, selected using purposive sampling. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using MAXQDA software.
Results: The data analysis revealed four main categories, including "existential philosophy of social activity", "the actual capabilities of social activity", "the bottlenecks of the path of social activity", and "operational strategies", along with 12 subcategories. These subcategories encompassed various aspects such as "Ensuring the health of society", "responding to spiritual needs", "cultivating responsible students", "the university’s supportive and coordinating role in social activity", "the role of professors", "absence of a unified trustee", "unprofessional behavior of some managers of organizations", "resource and operational limitations", "promotion and promotion of socially active professors", "development in the search for answers and people's participation", "sustained follow-up in social activities" and "society's needs are the cornerstone of actions" were obtained.
Conclusion: The findings underscore the need for an effective system to enhance voluntary social activities among faculty members. By closely collaborating with other organizations, addressing health needs, and cultivating responsible students, viable solutions can be devised and implemented to address societal health issues. Furthermore, fostering public engagement and inquiry related to health is imperative for the success of these initiatives.